Primary vs Secondary PON Splitter: ODN Plan, Loss, Faults

Plan primary vs secondary PON splitter placement: insertion ...

2026-10-06

How to Evaluate Industrial Switch Brands, Makers, and Price

Evaluate industrial switch brands and prices on five hard me...

2026-10-06

Why Rail Transit Needs Industrial-Grade Switches, Not Commercial

Rail signal systems demand industrial switches: −40~75℃ wide...

2026-10-06

What Is an XPON ONU: The 1-Port Terminal's Job in a PON Network

An XPON ONU is the user-side terminal in a PON network, adap...

2026-10-05

10GbE Industrial Switch: When You Must Upgrade Past Gigabit

A 10GbE industrial switch fixes uplink congestion and high-t...

2026-10-05

GPON OLT First Setup: Power On, Register ONU, Configure

A first-time GPON OLT setup runs five steps: power on, set m...

2026-10-05

How to Plan PON Ports on a 4-Port or 8-Port Box GPON OLT

Plan a 4-port or 8-port box GPON OLT by subscriber count and...

2026-10-02

How to Choose an OLT Uplink Port: GE, SFP, or SFP+ 10GE

PON and uplink modules differ. Learn when GE, 1G SFP, or SFP...

2026-10-02

GPON Network Architecture: What OLT, ODN, and ONU each Do

GPON network architecture has three layers: OLT, passive ODN...

2026-10-02

GPON Bandwidth: 2.488 G Down and 1.244 G Up Explained

GPON runs 2.488 Gbps downstream and 1.244 Gbps upstream per ...

2026-10-01

IEC 61850 Needs a Managed Industrial Ethernet Switch

For IEC 61850, pick a managed industrial Ethernet switch wit...

2026-10-01

Where Are Explosion-Proof Switches Used? A Hardened-Switch Guide

A hardened switch with Ex certification is mandatory in coal...

2026-10-01

ONU Registration State Machine: SN, Password and Ranging

ITU-T G.984.3 defines the ONU activation flow as Initial to ...

2026-09-30

How an OLT Detects ONU Power Loss or Fiber Cut in Seconds

GPON uses LOS, LOFi and Dying Gasp to report what failed on ...

2026-09-30

PON Splitter Insertion Loss: 1:8, 1:16, 1:32 and 1:64 in dB

A splitter's insertion loss is 10log10(N) plus margin: 1:8 a...

2026-09-30

OLT Burst-Mode Receiver: Why Upstream Optics Must Receive in Bursts

On a GPON upstream many ONUs share one wavelength and transm...

2026-09-30

GPON GEM Framing and the 125 us Fixed Frame

GPON packs traffic into GEM frames in a 125 us fixed TC fram...

2026-09-30

802.1Q VLAN Tag: TPID, PRI, CFI and VID Explained

The 802.1Q VLAN tag adds a 4-byte field after the source MAC...

2026-09-30

GPON Downstream AES-128: Why Neighbors Can't Read Your Data

GPON downstream is a 1490 nm broadcast; each ONU's payload i...

2026-09-30

Optical Module DDM: How to Read TX/RX Power From Your Switch

DDM (SFF-8472) lets a switch read an optical module's TX/RX ...

2026-09-29